2002 ND ISSUE

The current Argentine 2002 Issue is the PESO CONVERTIBLE LINE (National Executive Decree Nº 2128 dated October 10, 1991, and Section 12 of the Convertibility Law, Nº 23,928 dated March 27, 1991). Banknotes have a standard size of 155mm (width) and 65mm (height). They are manufactured with 100% cotton fibre paper weighing 83g/m2 which is non-fluorescent under UV light. They are printed in three consecutive stages using offset, intaglio and letterpress printing. Five years from its issuance, some changes were made to this line, including improved engravings, a higher g/m2 ratio (90g/m2) paper, and the inclusion of a cylindrical mould watermark reproducing the banknote portrait in the same direction. Reference Banco Central de la Republica Argentina website.

Bartolomé Mitre Martínez (1821-1906) was an Argentine stateman, militar and author. He was president of the republic from 1862 to 1868. As a liberal, he was an opponent of Juan Manuel de Rosas, and he was forced into exile where worked as a soldier and journalist in Uruguay, Bolivia, Peru, and Chile.

Mitre returned to Argentina after the defeat of Rosas. He was a leader of the revolt of Buenos Aires against Justo José de Urquiza's federal system, and was appointed to important posts in the provincial government after Buenos Aires seceded from the confederation.

Mitre was defeated by Urquiza in the civil war of 1859, and Buenos Aires reentered the Argentine confederation. In October 1862, Mitre was elected president of the republic, and national political unity was finally achieved; a period of internal progress and reform then commenced.

Mitre was also the founder of La Nación, one of South America's leading newspapers.

On his passing in 1906, he was interred in La Recoleta Cemetery in Buenos Aires.

Extract from Wikipedia.

Through the age of 11 San Martín receives military studies and training in Spain. Throughout two decades he fights in Africa, in Portugal and the Iberian Peninsula against the Napoleonic invasion where by its outstanding performance it receives the lieutenant rank colonel.

Arriving in London in 1811 he participates in the meetings of the Lautaro Lodge in which they are nuclean Americans organizing to fight for independence. Already in Buenos Aires, the Triunvirato orders the organization of the Regiment of Grenadiers to Horse to San Martín , whose baptism under fire takes place in San Lorenzo, Santa Fé (1813). In his military capacity as Commander in chief of the Army of the North he reorganizes quickly, simultaneously deciding with Güemes the defense the North border by means of the war gaucha. San Martín prepares a plan destined to free Chile and Peru.

Designated Governor Intendant San Martín forged an army of more than 5,000 men with whom he executes the feat of the crossing of the Andes and fights the battle of Chacabuco (1817). After the victory of Maipú, he turns his attention to Peru (1820). By earth and sea he manages to isolate the Virrey of the Serna and enters Lima. Declaring independence by the free will of the town, he dictates the first constitution of the country and creates the executive authorities and judicial.

In an interview with the General Bolivar prior to leaving Peru San Martín states that: "My promise to the towns by those who I have waged the war has fulfilled: to obtain its independence and to leave to its will the election of its governors "(1822). In order to escape internal conflicts San Martín decides to take root in Europe (1824), so that his sword is will not spill the blood of compatriots.

By foresights, his ideals and his military genius are for the posterity the Father of the Mother country and the Liberator of Argentina, Chile and Peru. It contains the retort of the testament of the Gral. San Martín (23.1.1844); the document puts forth his feelings as well as pure patriotism expressed in the his desire to be buried in Buenos Aires. This yearning was made reality when San Martín was put to rest in the Mausoleo erected in the Buenosairean Cathedral.

Also shown on the note is the encounter of San Martín and ÓHiggins as protrayed by "the Hug of Maipú" after the battle homónima, painted by Pedro Subercaseaux, Chilean painter (1881-1956), whose work abounds in historical subjects. One visualizes the biographical synthesis of prócer (in miniletter) and the medal of the Order of the Liberator designed by the engineer and escultor Ibarra Angel Garci'a (1892-1972) and approved by the Council of the Order the 14.6.1945.

Manuel Belgrano is the creator of the standard mother country and an outstanding figure of the fight for Argentina Independence. As Secretary of the Consulate, Belrano impliments a plan of economic reforms. As a journalist he struggled for free commerce and the suppression of the mercantile monopoly. Belgrano served in the military during the English Invasions (1806/7). He is designated Vocal of the First Meeting (1810). He commands the armed expedition to Paraguay to obtain the recognition of the authority of Buenos Aires. Later he leads the negotiations to recognize Guaraní Independence. In 1812 he is sworn in wearing celestial and white. Combat in the north against the realistic forces. Reunited the Congress of Tucumán (1816), again the control of the army is assigned to him that resists the attack of the invaders, facilitating the San Martiniano plan to attack Peru by the sea.

In spite of his broken health he obtains, with his personal intervention, the agreement of San Lorenzo (1819) which avoids the confrontation between Santa Fe and Buenos Aires. By his pure patriotism and his personal sacrifice it can be affirmed that "in the great soul of Belgrano the noble passions and the generous aspirations of their contemporaries were refundieron".

The obverse contains the retort of a report from the Gral. Belgrano to the Government of the United Provinces of the River of the Silver (29-5-1812). Also it reproduces "the Registered Mother Country" of A. Bigatti. EI reverso the biographical synthesis of prócer visualizes (in miniletter), a drum and a guard with the typical weave of the Argentine north. The impressions are calcográficas, except the bottoms. The interior of numbers 10 is conformed by the repetition of letters BCRA in microletter. The National Monument to the Flag is elevated in front of in Rosary (Province of Santa Fe) the majestic Parana river. Finished in end, it suggests an imaginary ship that advances in the sea of the eternity, towards his great destinies. Of foot on the pedestal of the prow "the Standard Bearing Mother country" advances triunfal grasping one tacuara that serves as a spear, the Flag whose you fold fall on its body, while a Christian cross blesses its advance, to way of mast of the Mother country. The architect Guido Angel (1896-1960) is author of the project with the collaboration of the architect Alexander Bustillo (1889-1982). The numerous sculptures that integrate the Monument are accomplishments of the escultores Alfredo Bigatti (1898-1964), Jose Fioravanti (1896-1977) and Eduardo Barnes (1901-1977). The standardbearing Mother country belongs to Alfredo Bigatti. Translated from Central Bank of Argentina website.

Juan Manuel de Rosas (1793-1877)was born in Buenos Aires, in 1793, in a home of farmers, and as a young man he dedicated himself to the care and administration of the family properties. Primary among these properties was the salting of meats which lead to his prospering quickly in the rural businesses.

In 1820 he began to have political ambitions, heading rural military services that stopped the advance of the "Caudillos" on the Coast on Buenos Aires. Obtained La Paz with the province of Santa Fe, he again retired to his rural establishments, from where he continued with his political commitments.

In 1825 the Heras was summoned by the Governor to organize the line of defense of the border with the native, encargán-dose of the mensura of territories and the installation of bunkers. With the resignation of Rivadavia in 1827, de Rosas was appointed Commander-in-chief of the Military services of the Campaign and shortly after, with the execution of the Gobernadoi Dorrego by General Lavatle, he assumed by the end of 1829 the Interior of Buenos Aires. During his first government de Rosa signed the Federal Pact (1831) strengthening the alliance with the provinces of the Coast and looking for the pacification of the rear area. Finishing his first term, he directed a Campaign to the Desert in 1833, extending the earth occupation until the rivers Colorado and Negro, with the promotion of the cattle ranch and the establishment of populations.

In 1834, in a letter to General Quiroga he wrote, in the Property of Figueroa, which expressed his personal ideas about the political and institutional organization of pais, valuable document that served as program for the organization of the Federation.

In 1835, after the murder of Facundo Quiroga, Governor by the Meeting of Representatives, de Rosa was named, and invested with the sum of the public power by the problematic situation of the country. Its economic politics were based on economic protectionism, with a Law of Customs that benefitted local products, with the detrement of the imports, counting on a great support of the interior. Also the House of Currency created in 1836, with characteristics of a state bank to control the monetary policy. Its outer politics were based on the defense of sovereign Argentine, defending the borders during the bordering conflicts with paises. The culminating point was the confrontation with the European powers, that with their representatives demanding the free navigation of the interior river areas.

de Rosa offered a heroic resistance in the combat of the Forced Return of (1845), with adverse result after hours of intense fight. Nevertheless, in 1847 and 1848, England and France respectively recognized the Argentine rights, accepting La Paz. By this action General Jose de San Martin bequeathed in his testament his saber to General Rosas, in merit to the firmness whereupon he maintained the honor of the country against the pretensions of the foreigners.

In 1851 General Justo Jose de Urquiza pronounced against Roses demanding the dictation of a Constitution, and with a coalition of international armies he defeated him in the battle of Caretakers (1852). de Rosa took refuge in Great Britain, where lived in exile until its death in 1877. His remains were repatriated in 1989 and at the moment they rest in the cemetery of the Recoleta of Buenos Aires.

The obverse reproduces, next to the image of Juan Manuel de Rosas, the one of Manuela Robustiana de Rosas and Ezcurra (1817-1898), popularly well-known like Manuelita, daughter of Juan Manuel de Rosas. The artist Prilidiano Pueyrredón (1823-1870) presents/displays it dressed in his red cowcatcher and the placed federal currency in the hairdo, of foot next to a table of pink mahogany, on which a branch of roses shines, doing game with the tones of the carpet and the cortinado one. The work, made in 1851, partially is reproduced in the ticket. At the present time it hangs in the National Museum of Beautiful Arts. When her mother passes away in 1838, Manuelita changed her traditional roll to assume responsibilities in the land diplomat-to protocol and the consideration of requests on confiscations and exile.

The reverse visualizes the biographical synthesis of prócer (in miniletter) and the reproduction of the military trophies including in the currency of 8 real ones of 1840. The impressions are calcográficas, except the bottoms. Inner ET of numbers 20 is conformed by the repetition of letters BCRA in microletter. Anglian-French forces block the River of the Silver and advance by Parana, protecting a commercial convoy. The height of the Forced Return as they must face the fortified local military services in the place, commanded by General Mansilla. In his proclamation to the troops, it says: "There you have them! You consider the insult which they do to the sovereignty of our mother country when sailing, without more title than the force, the waters of a river that runs by the territory of our country. But they will not obtain it with impunity! Trémola in Parana, the blue and white pavilion and we must die before we see it lowered of where it flames ". The invaders count on greater firepower but they support one aggravated resistance, the obstacle that implies the laying of chains on barges, coast to coast and the fire of the batteries installed on the ravine. The losses attest the heroísmo of the Argentineans fallen in the battle. Translated from Central Bank of Argentina website.